http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/209 Sat, 04 Apr 2026 02:02:05 GMT 2026-04-04T02:02:05Z http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/20032 PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AS A PREDICTOR OF ADOLESCENTS’ INVOLVEMENT IN ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MAKUENI COUNTY, KENYA MILCAH WAENI MUTUKU The study considered an dolescent as any individual aged between 12 and 19 years. This is a critical transition period between childhood and adulthood, where there is rapid growth and significant changes in the physical, psychological, emotional, intellectual and social domains. The general objective of this study was to investigate parent-child relationship as a predictor of adolescents’ involvement in antisocial behaviour in selected public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. The specific objectives of study were to; investigate the degree to which monitoring parent child relationship, supportive parent-child relationship, strict parent-child relationship, and the neglecting parent-child relationship can predict the adolescents’ involvement in antisocial behaviour. The study was grounded on the social bonding theory by Hirschis (1969). To achieve these objectives, a sample of 458 participants was selected consisting of students, school principals, deputy school principals, guidance and counseling masters, parents and guardians from the sampled schools. Purposive, Stratified and simple random sampling methods were applied in selecting the participants. Oral interview schedule, documentary reports and the respondents’ questionnaires were used as data collection instruments. Based on the study findings, 83.8% of the students interviewed had exhibited at least one of the antisocial behaviours, where 57.85% were boys and 42.15% were girls. Boarding schools had a higher occurrence of antisocial behaviours compared to day mixed secondary schools. Based on the school principals’ interview schedule and the documentary records, stealing and disobedient to teachers were the most rampant followed closely by the examination cheating and drugs and substance abuse antisocial behaviours. The study findings showed that both the monitoring parent-child relationship and the supportive parent-child relationship had an inverse and significant relationship with the adolescent antisocial behaviour, having a Pearson correlation coefficient values of -0.28 and -0.24 respectively (p = 0.00). The neglecting parent-child relationship had a significant but direct relationship with adolescent antisocial behaviour with a Pearson correlation value of 0.18 (p = 0.05). The strict parent-child relationship had an inverse relationship with the adolescent antisocial behaviour but was not significant at 5% significance level. Only the monitoring parent-child relationship and the neglecting parent-child relationship were significant in the multiple regression model with (-1.35) and (+1.01) regression coefficients respectively alongside gender and the school category where mixed secondary schools were better off. Therefore among the four predictor variable under investigation, only the monitoring parent-child and neglecting parent-child relationships could predict the antisocial behavior significantly at 𝛼 = 0.05. It was established that peer pressure, poor parenting, mass media and unclear policy guideline from the Ministry of Education on how to handle some of the adolescent antisocial behaviours were to blame for increased antics among the secondary school adolescents. It was recommended that open school forums for parents and their sons or daughters, in-service staff training, and clear policy guidelines by the Ministry of Education should be availed. The study suggested that similar research but in different counties and institutions should be conducted to ascertain the results and generalizability of the findings Sat, 01 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/20032 2025-11-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/20017 FINANCIAL LITERACY, DIGITAL FINANCE AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN KENYA. AMUGUNE MILDRED KASAYA Financial inclusion is a key pillar to global development. Several efforts have been put in place across the globe to improve financial inclusivity levels. Despite the efforts, in Kenya there is a considerable percentage who are yet to be financially included. Rural women make up a majority of those who are financially excluded yet they are important agents for transformational economic change. Several studies have concentrated on individual variables in isolation in relation to financial inclusion. This study sought to jointly analyze the influence of financial literacy and digital finance on financial inclusion among rural women in Kenya. Specifically, it sought to assess the influence of financial literacy on financial inclusion, investigate the role of digital finance on financial inclusion, establish the interaction effect of financial literacy and digital finance on financial inclusion and analyze rural women’s perspectives on financial inclusion among rural women in Kenya. The study was anchored on the Financial Literacy Theory, Social Learning Theory, Diffusion of Innovation Theory and the Vulnerability Theories that helped address the objectives. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted to help gain an understanding on how the independent variables; financial literacy and digital finance influenced financial inclusion among rural women in Kenya at a specific point in time. The target population was rural women in Kenya who were purposively selected from seven regions to represents financial inclusivity in Kenya on a sample of 1000. The standard Global Findex database as well as the FinAccess questionnaires were adopted and modified for collection of primary data. Data was analysed using descriptive statistical analysis, partial least square structural equation model (PLS – SEM) and Chi-square test of Independence. The study revealed that financial literacy with a positive path coefficient of 0.466, explains approximately 21.7% of the variance in financial inclusion, digital finance explains (0.728) approximately 53.0% of the variation while digital literacy (a combination of financial literacy and digital finance) explains up to 56.1% of the variation in financial inclusion among rural women in Kenya. Rural women perspectives were also found to explain about 18.7% of variance in financial inclusion. Further analysis using the Chi-square revealed that there is a statistically significant association between digital financial literacy and financial inclusion among rural women in Kenya (χ2=397.64 >6.635). This study concludes that there is a strong interconnection between financial literacy and digital finance where both play a pivotal role in determining the level of financial inclusion among rural women. It adds that while challenges exist, there are clear opportunities for intervention and improvement and that the success of financial inclusion initiatives will depend on addressing both the knowledge and behavioral gaps identified in this study. The study recommends designing of localized financial literacy programs for understanding of basic financial concepts, enhancing digital infrastructure and accessibility, creation of awareness on financial products and services and creation of targeted interventions that will build trust on digital financial services among rural women in Kenya. Sat, 01 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/20017 2025-11-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/20015 GREEN MARKETING STRATEGIES, CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA ANGELYNE MUTHONI MWABU The manufacturing sector is a key driver of socio-economic growth but also a major contributor to environmental degradation through its activities, processes, and products. In response to evolving consumer demands and sustainability pressures, manufacturing firms are increasingly adopting Green Marketing (GM) strategies to reduce environmental impacts while enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. These strategies promote environmental protection while creating new markets and employment opportunities. However, their influence within Kenya’s manufacturing sector remains underexplored, and the extent of their impact on firm performance and sustainability is not well understood. The overall objective of this study was to establish how GM strategies, green customer satisfaction (GCS) and regulatory frameworks (RF) affect green customer loyalty in the manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County of Kenya. The specific objectives were to: establish the influence of green product quality on green customer loyalty in the manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County; determine the influence of green price on customer loyalty; assess the influence of green promotion on customer loyalty; establish the influence of green corporate image on customer loyalty; evaluate the extent to which green customer satisfaction intervenes in the relationship between GM strategies and customer loyalty; establish the moderating effect of regulatory frameworks on the relationship between GM strategies and customer loyalty; and determine the joint effect of GM strategies, green customer satisfaction and regulatory frameworks on customer loyalty. The study was anchored on the diffusion of innovation, expectancy disconfirmation paradigm and stakeholders’ theories. The descriptive cross sectional survey design was employed using a target population of 725 manufacturing firms in the County from which a sample of 258 respondents was drawn. A pilot study of 20 randomly selected firms was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the research instruments. A self-administered questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were generated, including percentages for profiling, the Chi-square for testing variable relationships, and the ordinal logistic regression to test hypotheses at a 5% significance level. The findings revealed that green product quality significantly influenced customer loyalty (β = 0.804, p = 0.007), indicating that perceived environmental and functional quality drives loyalty. However, green price, promotion, and corporate image did not show any statistically significant effects on loyalty (β = – 0.337, p = 0.403; β = 0.373, p = 0.197; β = –0.034, p = 0.428). Green customer satisfaction was found to significantly mediate the relationship between GM strategies and loyalty (β for GCS = 2.488, p = 0.000; β for GM = 0.887, p = 0.041). Although Regulatory frameworks had a strong independent effect (β = 1.652, p = 0.000), it did not significantly moderate the relationship (β = –0.147, p = 0.445). In the joint model, all three predictors significantly influenced loyalty, with customer satisfaction (β = 2.512, p = 0.000) and Regulatory frameworks (β = 1.743, p = 0.000) having positive impacts. However, GM strategies had a significant negative coefficient (β = –1.298, p = 0.007). The study concludes that customer loyalty is best achieved through quality green products, genuine customer satisfaction, and credible regulatory compliance. While GM strategies like price and promotion play supportive roles, they are insufficient on their own in influencing customer loyalty. The study suggests that in order to enhance customer loyalty, manufacturing firms need to adopt integrated strategies that align product quality, transparent pricing, and authentic promotion with customer expectations and existing regulatory standards. Sat, 01 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/20015 2025-11-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/19499 INFLUENCE OF PRINCIPALS’ INSTRUCTIONAL SUPERVISION PRACTICES ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA MARIETTA N. MULINGE Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/19499 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z