http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/5969 2026-04-06T02:10:23Z http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/6323 Teaching Medicine and Medical Ethics Using Popular Culture Kendal, Evie; Diug, Basia There is an increasing awareness of the role of mass media and popular culture in communicating health information to the general public and medical students.1 Medical television series in particular have been identified as a rich source of health information and medical ethics training, depicting doctor–patient relationships that are both entertaining and educational. Recent research has shown that these fictional representations of the medical profession have an impact on perceptions of real-life doctors, and can influence recruitment of students into medical, nursing and health science degrees.2 Beginning with CBS’s City Hospital in 1951, medical television dramas have remained a staple of prime-time television.3 In his book, Medicinema, Brian Glasser notes that popular film culture and medicine have always been intricately connected, with film historians placing the first representations of medical personnel in fictional films before that of ‘cowboys, criminals or the clergy.’4 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/6291 The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery Steele, Scott R.; Hull, Tracy L.; Read, Thomas E.; Saclarides, Theodore J.; Senagore, Anthony J.; Whitlow, Charles B. The field of Colon and Rectal Surgery has a long and respected tradition of patient service, knowledge expansion, and education. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) is the premier professional organization of this specialty. The leaders of our Society (ASCRS) recognized that there were several textbooks in the field of Colorectal Surgery, but none of which could be deemed as truly representative of the collective objective views of the ASCRS. At the inaugural meeting of the senior and associate editors, prior to the 2007 publication of the ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery 1st edition, the group made several fundamental decisions. One of those decisions was to have chapters extensively referenced, authoritatively written, appropriately illustrated, and as unbiased as possible. This very important latter point was strictly enforced by adherence by the chapter authors to ASCRS materials including the evidence-based ASCRS clinical practice guidelines, core subjects, presentations at our annual meeting, questions in the colon and rectal self-assessment program (CARSEP), and material otherwise presented through official society vehicles. In addition, first edition chapters were, in general, written by a “junior” and a “senior” coauthor. A second decision was a rotation schedule for the editors: two to three of the editors would rotate off after each edition. This would provide wider participation and ensure that the text would represent the specialty as a whole and not a select group of individuals. The overwhelming success of the first edition led to the publication of a second edition in 2011. The second edition expanded upon the first edition, added new authors, supplemented a significant number of color plates, and increased the text itself from 810 to 946 pages. The vision provided by the leaders of our Society was certainly correct, as attested to by the tremendous interest in both editions of the ASCRS textbooks. We are proud that the standardized reference for evidence-based material in Colorectal Surgery is the work product of our Society members, owned by our Society, and has become a source of financial support to our Society. In addition, a corresponding manual (the ASCRS Manual of Colon and Rectal Surgery), designed more towards residents in training and physicians desiring a focused reference, has been released for each edition and has also been exceptionally popular. The continued rapid expansion of knowledge, in part attested by the increased number of pages in each subsequent edition, as well as the new technologies and new techniques has ensured the longevity of our work and has necessitated this third edition. We congratulate the current editors Drs. Scott Steele, Tracy Hull, Thomas Read, Anthony Senagore, Theodore Sacclarides, and Charles Whitlow on their tremendous accomplishment. We also thank all of the chapter authors and coauthors whose dedication, devotion, energy, and expertise have enabled the editors to produce this volume. The third edition has been reorganized and completely rewritten to reflect advances in our specialty and the evolution of our practice. In addition, the current grouping of topics serves as a framework for the ongoing educational efforts of the Society and certification process by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery. 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/6260 Machine Learning in Medicine - a Complete Overview Cleophas, Ton J.; Zwinderman, Aeilko H. The amount of data stored in the world’s databases doubles every 20 months, as estimated by Usama Fayyad, one of the founders of machine learning and co-author of the book Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (ed. by the American Association for Artifi cial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 1996), and clinicians, familiar with traditional statistical methods, are at a loss to analyze them. Traditional methods have, indeed, diffi culty to identify outliers in large datasets, and to fi nd patterns in big data and data with multiple exposure/outcome variables. In addition, analysis-rules for surveys and questionnaires, which are currently common methods of data collection, are, essentially, missing. Fortunately, the new discipline, machine learning, is able to cover all of these limitations. So far, medical professionals have been rather reluctant to use machine learning. Ravinda Khattree, co-author of the book Computational Methods in Biomedical Research (ed. by Chapman & Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, 2007) suggests that there may be historical reasons: technological (doctors are better than computers (?)), legal, cultural (doctors are better trusted). Also, in the fi eld of diagnosis making, few doctors may want a computer checking them, are interested in collaboration with a computer or with computer engineers. Adequate health and health care will, however, soon be impossible without proper data supervision from modern machine learning methodologies like cluster models, neural networks, and other data mining methodologies. The current book is the fi rst publication of a complete overview of machine learning methodologies for the medical and health sector, and it was written as a training companion, and as a must-read, not only for physicians and students, but also for anyone involved in the process and progress of health and health care. Some of the 80 chapters have already appeared in Springer’s Cookbook Briefs, but they have been rewritten and updated. All of the chapters have two core characteristics. First, they are intended for current usage, and they are, particularly, concerned with improving that usage. Second, they try and tell what readers need to know in order to understand the methods. 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.mksu.ac.ke/handle/123456780/6238 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Crommelin, Daan J.A.; Sindelar, Robert D.; Meibohm, Bernd Over the past 25 years, biotechnologically derived drug products have become a major share of the therapeutically used pharmaceuticals. These drug products include proteins, including monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments, as well as antisense oligonucleotides and DNA preparations for gene therapy. In 2001 already, biotech products accounted for more than 35 % of the New Active Substances that were launched in the USA. Twelve out of the twenty-nine approved marketing authorization applications at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2009 were biotech products. Drug products such as epoetin-α (Epogen®, Eprex®, Procrit®), abciximab (ReoPro®), interferons-α (Intron®A, Roferon®A) and interferons-β (Avonex®, Rebif®, Betaseron®), anti-TNF-α agents (Enbrel®, Remicade®, Humira®), bevacizumab (Avastin®), and trastuzumab (Herceptin®) are all examples of highly successful biotech drugs that have revolutionized the pharmacotherapy of previously unmet medical needs. And last but not least, biotech drugs also have a major socioeconomic impact. In 2010, fi ve of the ten top selling drugs in the world were biotechnologically derived drug products, with sales varying between fi ve and eight billion US dollars. The techniques of biotechnology are a driving force of modern drug discovery as well. Due to the rapid growth in the importance of biopharmaceuticals and the techniques of biotechnologies to modern medicine and the life sciences, the fi eld of pharmaceutical biotechnology has become an increasingly important component in the education of today’s and tomorrow’s pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. We believe that there is a critical need for an introductory textbook on Pharmaceutical Biotechnology that provides well-integrated, detailed coverage of both the relevant science and clinical application of pharmaceuticals derived by biotechnology. Previous editions of the textbook Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications have provided a well-balanced framework for education in various aspects of pharmaceutical biotechnology, including production, dosage forms, administration, economic and regulatory aspects, and therapeutic applications. Rapid growth and advances in the fi eld of pharmaceutical biotechnology, however, made it necessary to revise this textbook in order to provide up-to-date information and introduce readers to the cutting-edge knowledge and technology of this fi eld. This fourth edition of the textbook Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications builds on the successful concept used in the preceding editions and further expands its availability as electronic versions of the full book as well as individual chapters are now readily available and downloadable though online platforms. The textbook is structured into two sections. An initial basic science and general features section comprises chapters introducing the reader to key concepts at the foundation of the technology relevant for protein therapeutics including molecular biology, production and analytical procedures, formulation development, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity and chapters dealing with regulatory, economic and pharmacy practice considerations, and with evolving new technologies and applications. The second section discusses the various therapeutic classes of protein biologics and nucleotide-based therapeutics. 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z